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Besonders populär waren seine kabbalistischen Handreichungen, vor allem das Chajje ha-olam ha-ba («Das Leben in der Welt des Jenseits»), bekannt auch unter den Bezeichnungen Sefer ha-Schem («Buch des göttlichen Namens») oder Sefer ha-iggulim («Buch der Kreise»). Das Exemplar der Braginsky Collection fand auch unter dem Namen Sefer ha-Schem ha-meforasch («Buch des unaussprechlichen Namens») Verbreitung. Das Manuskript zeigt zehn in konzentrischen Kreisen verlaufende Inschriften in Schwarz und Rot sowie 128 nur in Schwarz. Sie enthalten detaillierte Anweisungen für die mystische Meditation. Bei der Betrachtung dieser Kreise sollte der 72 Buchstaben zählende Name Gottes rezitiert werden, der durch eine Kombination des Zahlenwerts der Buchstaben in den Namen der zwölf Stämme Israels, der Patriarchen und der neun Buchstaben des Wortes Schiwte Jisra’el («Stämme Israels») zustande kommt. Der lesende Betrachter sollte jeden der dreifachen schwarz-roten Kreise an der Stelle «betreten», die durch einen kleinen Federstrich gewissermassen als «Eingang» bezeichnet ist.
Aus: Schöne Seiten. Jüdische Schriftkultur aus der Braginsky Collection, Hrsg. von Emile Schrijver und Falk Wiesemann, Zürich 2011, S. 112.
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The Braginsky manuscript contains seven fine, red ink drawings. These are part of a tradition of scribal decoration that flourished in northern Italy in the last third of the fifteenth century. The most important representative of that tradition was Joel ben Simeon, the scribe-artist of such famous medieval Haggadot as the Ashkenazi Haggadah (London, British Library, Add. MS. 14762) and the Washington Haggadah (Washington, Library of Congress, Hebr. 1), both of which have been reproduced in facsimile editions.
Particularly striking in the manuscript are the human heads, usually depicted in profile. Suspended from an initial word panel, on folio 31, the bearded head of a man with a long bumpy nose and heavy eyelids appears in many works associated with Joel ben Simeon. Some of his most frequently rendered motifs, such as hares and large architectural structures with round towers, appear in this manuscript as well. Although the art clearly is similar to that found in manuscripts by the hand of Joel ben Simeon, it cannot be determined with certainty that he decorated this work.
On folio 36r, the initial word panel for the Hebrew word hosha’ana, at the beginning of the section dealing with Hoshanah Rabba, the seventh day of the Sukkot festival, is embellished with a depiction of a dragon. This is also a recurring motif in works by Joel ben Simeon. In the bottom margin a man, viewed in profile, wears what is known as a cappuccio a foggia. This contemporary head covering also appears in other manuscripts associated with Joel ben Simeon. Standing near a lectern on which an open book rests, the man holds a lulav (palm branch) and an oversize etrog (citron). Delicate red pen work embellishes the inner margin of this page.
From: A Journey through Jewish Worlds. Highlights from the Braginsky collection of Hebrew manuscripts and printed books, hrsg. E. M. Cohen, S. L. Mintz, E. G. L. Schrijver, Amsterdam, 2009, p. 54.
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Im Manuskript der Braginsky Collection finden sich sieben mit roter Tinte ausgeführte Federzeichnungen. Sie stehen in der Illustrationstradition Norditaliens im letzten Drittel des 15. Jahrhunderts. Deren bedeutendster Vertreter war Joel ben Simeon, der so bekannte Handschriften wie die Ashkenazi Haggadah (London, British Library) und die Washington Haggadah (Washington, Library of Congress) illustrierte. Beide liegen in Faksimileausgaben vor. Besonders bemerkenswert an den Federzeichnungen sind die grotesken, meist im Profil wiedergegebenen menschlichen Köpfe. Ähnlich wie in anderen Werken von Joel ben Simeon führt von einem Initialwort ausgehend ein Ornament nach unten, aus dem sich ein Kopf mit ausgeprägter Höckernase und schweren Augenlidern entwickelt (fol. 31). Auch einige andere, von diesem Künstler häufig aufgegriffene Motive finden sich im Manuskript, etwa die Hasen oder eine langgestreckte Stadtmauer mit Rundtürmen. Auf fol. 36r ist das hebräische Initialwort hoscha’ana zum Abschnitt von Hoschana rabba, dem siebten Tag des Laubhüttenfests (Sukkot), mit dem Bild eines Drachens verziert, auch dies ein bekanntes Motiv von Joel ben Simeon. In der Zeichnung am unteren Bildrand trägt ein Mann eine typische zeitgenössische Kopfbedeckung, einen cappuccio a foggia. Er steht vor einem Lesepult mit aufgeschlagenem Buch und hält in der einen Hand einen Lulaw (Palmzweig), in der anderen einen Etrog (Zitrusfrucht), die beide zu den an Sukkot dargebrachten Gaben gehören. Trotz solcher Entsprechungen lässt sich nicht mit Sicherheit feststellen, ob diese Zeichnungen tatsächlich von der Hand Joel ben Simeons stammen.
Aus: Schöne Seiten. Jüdische Schriftkultur aus der Braginsky Collection, Hrsg. von Emile Schrijver und Falk Wiesemann, Zürich 2011, S. 70.
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The manuscript presents an interesting example of the impact of censorship. During the Middle Ages the Alenu le-shabbeah prayer, which is recited at the end of the statutory services, was believed to contain an implied insult to Christianity. The verse “for they prostrate themselves before vanity and emptiness and pray to a God that does not save” was seen as a reference to Jesus, in spite of the fact that the second part of the text is from Isaiah 45:20 and therefore precedes the New Testament. In this manuscript (fol. 19r–v), as is the case in so many others, the anonymous copyist decided not to include the problematic text. He left an open space, however, perhaps for a later owner to add the omitted passage.
In hindsight this common case of medieval Jewish self-censorship was only a prelude to the active inquisitional censorship that the Jews of Italy would have to deal with later. From the second half of the sixteenth century onward, Christian censors in Italy, many of whom were converted Jews, inspected Hebrew books, signed them, and often expurgated controversial passages (also see cat. no. 25). Jews usually had to pay for this “service.” Among the most important censors were Camillo Jaghel, Hippolitus Ferrarensis, and the censor of this prayer book Dominico Irosolimitano, who worked in Mantua. He did not expurgate any passages, but only signed the last page of the manuscript. Signatures and entries by censors are proof, of course, of Italian ownership at the time of censorship.
From: A Journey through Jewish Worlds. Highlights from the Braginsky collection of Hebrew manuscripts and printed books, hrsg. E. M. Cohen, S. L. Mintz, E. G. L. Schrijver, Amsterdam, 2009, p. 50.
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Perek Shirah was illustrated by almost all important artists of the eighteenth-century Central European School, including Meshullam Zimmel ben Moses, the scribe-artist of this manuscript. Although Meshullam Zimmel is known to have worked in Prague, as well as in his native Polna (Bohemia), most of his manuscripts were executed in Vienna. He was most likely a copper engraver by profession, which explains his unparalleled drawing skills. To date sixteen signed manuscripts by Meshullam Zimmel, produced between 1714 and 1756, are known to exist. Another dozen manuscripts, including this unsigned manuscript, can be attributed to him with certainty. Among his works are two other manuscripts of Perek Shirah, both in private hands.
As stated on the title page, the present manuscript was written, or “engraved upon the plates” as the Hebrew text reads literally, for Hertz ben Leib Darmstadt of Frankfurt am Main. The manuscript contains an architectural title page and eight initial word panels executed in the same ink as the text. Folios 19 and 20 were added later in black ink. A small initial word panel appears on folio 19r. The initial word panel on folio 8r, illustrating the song of creeping animals, depicts ten frogs set within abundant foliage, while the one on folio 15r illustrates the song of domestic animals, represented by a horse, a cow, a sheep, and two species of goat.
From: A Journey through Jewish Worlds. Highlights from the Braginsky collection of Hebrew manuscripts and printed books, hrsg. E. M. Cohen, S. L. Mintz, E. G. L. Schrijver, Amsterdam, 2009, p. 106.
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Fast alle bedeutenden Künstler hebräischer Handschriften des 18. Jahrhunderts illustrierten das Perek schira. Meschullam Simmel ben Moses verfertigte die vorliegende Handschrift aus der Braginsky Collection und versah sie mit Federzeichnungen. Er arbeitete zwar auch in Prag und an seinem Herkunftsort Polna in Böhmen, die meisten seiner Manuskripte entstanden jedoch in Wien. Wahrscheinlich war er von Beruf Kupferstecher, was seine erstaunlichen zeichnerischen Fähigkeiten erklären würde. Soweit bekannt, existieren von ihm 16 signierte Manuskripte aus dem Zeitraum von 1714 bis 1756. Weitere 13, einschliesslich des hier vorliegenden, können ihm mit Sicherheit zugeschrieben werden. In seinem Œuvre gibt es noch zwei weitere Perek schira-Handschriften, die sich ebenfalls in privaten Sammlungen befinden.
Auf der Titelseite ist zu lesen, diese Handschrift sei für Hertz ben Leib Darmstadt aus Frankfurt am Main geschrieben worden – oder vielmehr «auf die Platten graviert», wie es hebräisch wörtlich heisst. Die ornamentale Eingangspforte auf der Titelseite und die acht Bildpaneele mit Initialwörtern sind in derselben Tintenfarbe ausgeführt wie der Text. Eine Ausnahme bilden die mit schwarzer Tinte geschriebenen Blätter 19 und 20. Sie wurden später hinzugefügt. Das Zierfeld mit Initialwörtern auf fol. 8r illustriert den Lobpreis der Kriechtiere und zeigt zehn Frösche, umgeben von üppigem Blattwerk, während auf fol. 15r Haustiere – Pferd, Kuh, Schaf und Ziegen – abgebildet sind.
Aus: Schöne Seiten. Jüdische Schriftkultur aus der Braginsky Collection, Hrsg. von Emile Schrijver und Falk Wiesemann, Zürich 2011, S. 100.
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It is quite likely that the manuscript was produced as a wedding gift. The strongest indication of this is the double-page illumination that depicts a bride and groom at the moment of betrothal as the groom puts the ring on the bride’s index finger. Contrary to Jewish custom, the ring is put on the bride’s left, rather than her right, hand. The bride wears a horned headdress, a light veil, a pleated, full-skirted gown, with sleeves of a different material, a fashion that originated in Ferrara. The groom wears a pleated, short cloak cinched with a gold belt, a jerkin, and hose. The floral border that frames the two pages includes a half-length figure of a man at either side. Possibly intended as the witnesses, the one on the right holds a book with a red velvet cover, while the man on the left points to the couple. As noted in the catalogue of the auction in which the manuscript was acquired for the Braginsky Collection, this type of illumination is consistent with that found in fifteenth-century Ferrara.
From: A Journey through Jewish Worlds. Highlights from the Braginsky collection of Hebrew manuscripts and printed books, hrsg. E. M. Cohen, S. L. Mintz, E. G. L. Schrijver, Amsterdam, 2009, p. 56.
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Auf fol. 10r vermerkte er im Hochzeitsvertrag scherzhaft an der Stelle, wo von der Zahlung einer Mitgift die Rede ist: «Alles gelogen und falsch! Leon ben Joschua, der alles, was oben steht, dementiert.» Es ist gut möglich, dass dieses Manuskript als Hochzeitsgeschenk diente. Stärkstes Indiz für eine solche Zuweisung wären die Illustrationen auf den beiden Doppelseiten 10–12r. Dort ist das Brautpaar in jenem Moment der Trauung dargestellt, bei dem der Bräutigam der Braut den Ring an den Zeigefinger steckt. Im Widerspruch zum jüdischen Brauch, den Ring an den Finger der rechten Hand zu stecken, ergreift der Bräutigam hier die linke. Die Braut trägt eine zeitgenössische Hornfrisur mit hellem Schleier und ein langes burgunderrotes Faltenkleid mit Ärmeln aus Goldbrokat nach Ferrareser Mode. Der Bräutigam ist in einen kurzen grünen, ebenfalls gefältelten Rock gekleidet, den ein goldener Gürtel zusammenhält, und trägt orangerote Beinlinge und eine weiche Kopfbedeckung. In die üppigen floralen Verzierungen dieser Doppelseite sind zwei männliche Halbfiguren eingefügt, die möglicherweise die Trauzeugen repräsentieren sollen. Die eine von ihnen zeigt auf den Text Seder tena’im («Ordnung der Heiratsvereinbarungen»), die andere hält ein gebundenes Buch unter dem Arm und weist mit der Hand auf den Ehevertrag zurück, der auf den vorangehenden Seiten fol. 8v bis 10r steht.
Aus: Schöne Seiten. Jüdische Schriftkultur aus der Braginsky Collection, Hrsg. von Emile Schrijver und Falk Wiesemann, Zürich 2011, S. 144-145.
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Most of the manuscripts of Nathan ben Simson of Mezeritsch do not mention a place of production; this Haggadah is no exception. One must take into account that the addition of a place to an individual’s name can indicate that that person was no longer living there. Although it is not known if personal or political reasons motivated his movements, it is obvious that he traveled. He may well have spent a number of years in Rotterdam, or have visited that city regularly; at least four of his manuscripts can be linked to Rotterdam patrons. A 1730 Haggadah in the National Library of Israel in Jerusalem (Heb. Ms. 8°2237) was copied for Alexander Segal of Hanover, whereas a 1723 Tefillot Yom Kippur Katan in a private collection was ordered by a Dusseldorf patron, Zalman ben Jospe.
The Haggadah in the Braginsky Collection contains a decorated title page, a cycle depicting ceremo- nial rituals performed during the seder, nine text illustrations, one decorated initial word panel, three historiated initial letters, and two pages with a cycle of illustrations for the concluding hymn Had Gadya (23r–v). These illustrations were an invention of the scribes of the eighteenth century and do not occur in printed Haggadot of the period, such as the Amsterdam Haggadot of 1695 and 1712, which otherwise were sources of inspiration for most of the handwritten, illustrated eighteenth-century Haggadot. Whereas most of his colleagues were draughtsmen, Nathan ben Simson was a talented painter. As such, his work is strongly reminiscent of another Moravian artist of the period, Moses ben Judah Leib Wolf Broda, the scribe-artist of the famous Von Geldern Haggadah (also see cat. no. 38).
From: A Journey through Jewish Worlds. Highlights from the Braginsky collection of Hebrew manuscripts and printed books, hrsg. E. M. Cohen, S. L. Mintz, E. G. L. Schrijver, Amsterdam, 2009, p. 122.
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Moses von Coucy war nicht nur ein anerkannter rabbinischer Gelehrter, sondern setzte sich auch in der Öffentlichkeit für die Festigung des jüdischen Glaubens ein. 1236 reiste er von seiner Herkunftsregion in Frankreich nach Spanien, wo er flammende Reden hielt. Er rief seine Zuhörer zur strikten Befolgung der Gebote auf. Sie sollten die Tefillin (Gebetsriemen) anlegen, die Mesusa (Schriftkapsel am Türpfosten) anbringen und die Zizit (Schaufäden) tragen. Er ermahnte sein Publikum auch, den Einheimischen mehr Respekt entgegenzubringen, und zwar sowohl in Geschäftsangelegenheiten wie in den persönlichen GesetzesgelehrteBeziehungen. 1240 nahm Moses von Coucy an der ebenso berühmten wie berüchtigten ersten Disputation über den Talmud in Paris teil.
Schöne Seiten. Jüdische Schriftkultur aus der Braginsky Collection, Hrsg. von Emile Schrijver und Falk Wiesemann, Zürich 2011, S. 58.
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that time. In the twentieth century the manuscript was one of the proud possessions of the famous Schocken Collection.
In addition to being a leading rabbinic scholar, Moses of Coucy was also an interesting public figure. In 1236 he traveled from his native France to Spain, where he delivered fiery speeches to wide audiences and urged them to observe the commandments more strictly, particularly those pertaining to tefillin, mezuzah, and tzitzit. He also admonished the people to be more ethical in their behavior toward Gentiles, both in the realms of business and personal relations. In 1240 Moses took part in the disputation on the Talmud held in Paris.
His magnum opus, the SeMaG, is arranged according to the negative and positive commandments, with rich material related to them under each. He was deeply influenced by the legal code of Maimonides, the Mishneh Torah. The writings of Moses of Coucy, therefore, were one of the channels through which the Maimonidean code gained wide recognition in Ashkenaz. The SeMaG became a major and accepted source for halakhic rulings. It was frequently quoted and abridged; many commentaries were composed on it. Surviving in a relatively large number of manuscripts, it was one of the earliest Hebrew books ever printed.
A Journey through Jewish Worlds. Highlights from the Braginsky collection of Hebrew manuscripts and printed books, hrsg. E. M. Cohen, S. L. Mintz, E. G. L. Schrijver, Amsterdam, 2009, p. 34.
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This manuscript contains the text of the medieval Massekhet Purim, a Purim parody by the Provençal scholar Kalonymus ben Kalonymus. Born in 1286 in Arles, he was living in Rome when he wrote this work in the early 1320s. Although it is not known when he died, it must have been after 1328, when he was back in the Provençe. Massekhet Purim, which humorously imitates the style and idiom of the Talmud, deals with eating, drinking, and drunkenness during Purim.
The illustrations in the Braginsky manuscript include harlequins, a street musician, and seven playing cards arranged as a trompe l’oeil. This illustration is in keeping with the introductory text of chapter four, “Each person is obligated to play dice and cards during Purim.” Only a few other examples of a trompe l’oeil in Hebrew manuscripts are known.
There was particular interest in Kalonymus’s Massekhet Purim in the Netherlands in the eighteenth century, when Purim parodies and special Purim plays were popular. The scarce historical documents available indicate that the Ashkenazic Jews of Amsterdam were active revelers who immersed themselves in carnivalesque festivities, including masquerades and pageants in which music was played and torches were carried. These celebrations, which extended outside the borders of the Jewish quarter, often continued after the festival. Consequently, in addition to fearing the desecration of the Sabbath, which often occurred, the Ashkenazic authorities were concerned about the effect these public festivities had on their relationships with the non-Jewish authorities. In 1767 the Amsterdam Ashkenazim even issued a statement that when Purim occurred on a Sunday Jews had to respect the Sunday rest and could not celebrate outside the Jewish quarter.
From: A Journey through Jewish Worlds. Highlights from the Braginsky collection of Hebrew manuscripts and printed books, hrsg. E. M. Cohen, S. L. Mintz, E. G. L. Schrijver, Amsterdam, 2009, p. 138.
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Schöne Seiten. Jüdische Schriftkultur aus der Braginsky Collection, Hrsg. von Emile Schrijver und Falk Wiesemann, Zürich 2011, S. 126.
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events in Rome and Venice.
A Journey through Jewish Worlds. Highlights from the Braginsky collection of Hebrew manuscripts and printed books, hrsg. E. M. Cohen, S. L. Mintz, E. G. L. Schrijver, Amsterdam, 2009, p. 84.
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Die Abbildung auf fol. 3v zeigt die fünf Weisen von Bene-Berak, die die ganze Nacht von Pessach zusammensassen und über den Auszug aus Ägypten diskutierten. Den aramäischen bzw. hebräischen, die Sederfeier beschliessenden Liedern Echad mi-jodea («Wer kennt eines?») und Chad gadja («Ein Zicklein») sind jiddische Übersetzungen beigefügt.
Aus: Schöne Seiten. Jüdische Schriftkultur aus der Braginsky Collection, Hrsg. von Emile Schrijver und Falk Wiesemann, Zürich 2011, S. 94.
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Today over forty manuscripts signed by Herlingen are extant, while approximately a dozen more are attributed to him. The Braginsky Collection contains one attributed and three signed works; this Haggadah of 1725; a book of Psalms from 1737 (Braginsky Collection 63, not in this catalogue); a sheet with Latin micrography dated 1751 (cat. no. 48); and an unsigned Grace after Meals from 1751 (cat. no. 47).
This Haggadah has sixty painted illustrations and three decorated initial word panels. The title page portrays Moses and Aaron, who flank the arch that frames the title. The scene below, with the three siblings Moses, Aaron, and also Miriam, wearing a pointed hat, combines an image of Miriam’s well with the falling of the manna. The Hebrew text between the panels is from the Babylonian Talmud (Sota 11b); it recounts that the Israelites were delivered from Egypt as a reward for the righteous women who lived in that generation. It is possible that the Haggadah was produced for a woman named Miriam.
On folio 3v the five Talmudic sages of Bene-Berak are shown seated at a table. The text recounts that they discussed the Exodus from Egypt through the night until their students came to tell them that the time for the Morning Prayer had arrived. In the Haggadot from Amsterdam printed in 1695 and 1712 the illustration accompanying this text was modeled after a biblical scene depicting the banquet Joseph gave for his brothers, in which more than five figures are present. The handwritten eighteenth-century copies based on these printed editions usually portray anywhere from six to over a dozen men in this scene. This Haggadah is one of the few exceptions in which only the five sages mentioned in the text are depicted.
From: A Journey through Jewish Worlds. Highlights from the Braginsky collection of Hebrew manuscripts and printed books, hrsg. E. M. Cohen, S. L. Mintz, E. G. L. Schrijver, Amsterdam, 2009, p. 116.
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At the end of the sixteenth century a custom developed among the mystics of Safed, in the Land of Israel, to fast on the day preceding Rosh Hodesh. A new liturgy was developed, based on penitential prayers for Yom Kippur. This fast was called Yom Kippur Katan, or the Minor Day of Atonement. In the course of the seventeenth century the custom spread to Italy and on to Northern Europe.
Manuscripts for Yom Kippur Katan, in vogue in the eighteenth century, included few illustrations. The Braginsky manuscript has only a baroque architectural title page with depictions of Moses and Aaron. The name of the owner was intended to be added to the empty shield at the top. The city of Pressburg and name of the scribe, Judah Leib ben Meir of Glogau (Silesia, Western Poland), are noted. No other manuscripts by him are known.
The script in this manuscript is similar to that of the famous scribe-artist Aaron Wolf Herlingen of Gewitsch. Moreover, the title page is strongly reminiscent of his works. If Judah Leib’s signature were not present, this manuscript almost certainly would have been attributed to Herlingen. It is possible that Judah Leib bought an illustrated title page from Herlingen that was devoid of text. This would explain the presence of the empty shield and the fact that the title page is bound into the manuscript as a separate leaf. Another explanation may be considered as well. In a 1736 census mention is made of an unknown assistant living in Herlingen’s house in Pressburg (see cat. no. 39). Perhaps Judah Leib was Herlingen’s assistant. If this is true, existing attributions of unsigned works to Herlingen based only on images that appear in the manuscripts should be carefully reconsidered, as this evidence may be insufficient.
From: A Journey through Jewish Worlds. Highlights from the Braginsky collection of Hebrew manuscripts and printed books, hrsg. E. M. Cohen, S. L. Mintz, E. G. L. Schrijver, Amsterdam, 2009, p. 120.
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Both the above-mentioned prayer book and the Hijman Binger Haggadah typify Hebrew manuscript decoration in Central and Northern Europe at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries. The previous flowering of Hebrew manuscript ornamentation and illustration started to decline around the middle of the eighteenth century. With few exceptions, notably a number of late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth century examples from Hungary (such as cat. no. 54), the Bouton Haggadah (cat. no. 56) and the Charlotte von Rothschild Haggadah (cat. no. 55), most later works randomly copied iconographic and stylistic elements from the vast tradition of the preceding centuries. As a result, the later manuscripts lack the internal consistency and relative unity of style of the earlier examples.
In light of similarities between the illustrations in the Hijman Binger Haggadah and those in some of the later Haggadot executed by Joseph ben David of Leipnik, for example, the Rosenthaliana Leipnik Haggadah of 1738 and a Leipnik Haggadah from 1739 (cat. no. 45), it is likely that a Haggadah by this artist served as Binger’s primary model. The inclusion of a Hebrew map of the Holy Land, printed in the Amsterdam Haggadah of 1695, though not unique to eighteenth-century manuscripts, may well be considered a rarity.
From: A Journey through Jewish Worlds. Highlights from the Braginsky collection of Hebrew manuscripts and printed books, hrsg. E. M. Cohen, S. L. Mintz, E. G. L. Schrijver, Amsterdam, 2009, p. 142.
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Hijman (Hayyim ben Mordecai) Binger (1756–1830) is best known for a decorated daily prayer book, now in the Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana (Hs. Ros. 681) in Amsterdam, which he executed in cooperation with his sons, Marcus and Anthonie, in 1820. He also copied numerous single-leaf manuscripts of contemporary poetry, mostly for family occasions, which are now housed in various collections worldwide. Binger began his career as a bookkeeper, but later worked primarily in a clothing rental business; he also may have been active in international trading. In 1827 he inherited a lending library from his brother, Meijer Binger, to which he devoted most of his time.
Both the above-mentioned prayer book and the Hijman Binger Haggadah typify Hebrew manuscript decoration in Central and Northern Europe at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries. The previous flowering of Hebrew manuscript ornamentation and illustration started to decline around the middle of the eighteenth century. With few exceptions, notably a number of late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth century examples from Hungary (such as cat. no. 54), the Bouton Haggadah (cat. no. 56) and the Charlotte von Rothschild Haggadah (cat. no. 55), most later works randomly copied iconographic and stylistic elements from the vast tradition of the preceding centuries. As a result, the later manuscripts lack the internal consistency and relative unity of style of the earlier examples.
In light of similarities between the illustrations in the Hijman Binger Haggadah and those in some of the later Haggadot executed by Joseph ben David of Leipnik, for example, the Rosenthaliana Leipnik Haggadah of 1738 and a Leipnik Haggadah from 1739 (cat. no. 45), it is likely that a Haggadah by this artist served as Binger’s primary model. The inclusion of a Hebrew map of the Holy Land, printed in the Amsterdam Haggadah of 1695, though not unique to eighteenth-century manuscripts, may well be considered a rarity.
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Dieses nur wenige Blätter umfassende Buch mit Gebeten für den Mohel, der das Beschneidungsritual vornimmt, war gemäss Vermerk auf dem Titelblatt ein Geschenk von Mendel Rosenbaum für seinen Schwager Joseph Elsas von Nitra. Ehemals zu Ungarn gehörend, ist Nitra (deutsch Neutra) heute die viertgrösste Stadt der slowakischen Republik. Der ansonsten unbekannte Künstler Leib Sahr Sofer (Schreiber) bezeichnet sich als mi-L''B, «aus Lackenbach», einem Ort, der früher ebenfalls zu Ungarn gehörte und heute zum österreichischen Burgenland. Seine Synagogengemeinde zählte zu den jüdischen «Siebengemeinden» im Fürstentum Esterházy.
Zwar ist nicht belegt, dass dieses Manuskript in Nitra entstand. Es besteht aber zweifellos eine enge formale Verwandtschaft mit den Werken des in Nitra wirkenden Kalligrafen und Illustrators Mordechai ben Josel, der auch den Namen Marcus Donath führte. Von ihm stammen rund ein Dutzend Manuskripte sowie eine gravierte Estherrolle. Mordechai ben Josel bediente sich in seinen Werken häufig der Mikrografie als gestalterischem Mittel.
Im Mohelbuch von Leib Sahr Sofer zeigt die Schlussseite das Kalligramm einer Moses-Figur, die in einer Hand die Gesetzestafeln hält und mit der anderen auf den Pentateuch zeigt. Auf Moses als Übermittler des göttlichen Gesetzes der Tora verweisen auch die beiden Inschriften über der inneren Rahmenleiste: rechts eine Paraphrase des Bibelverses «[Da nun Moses vom Berg Sinai herunterstieg,] wusste er nicht, dass sein Gesicht von Strahlen glänzte[, weil er mit dem Herrn geredet hatte]» (Exodus 34:29) und links die Worte «wegen der 613 darin [in der Tora] enthaltenen Gebote». Die obere Randinschrift lautet: «Moses aber war ein sehr demütiger Mann, demütiger als alle Menschen auf Erden» (Numeri 12:3). Am unteren Rand steht ein durch die Sprüche Salomons (7:1-2) inspirierter Text: «Mein Sohn, beachte meine Gebote, so wirst du leben, die Gebote, die der Herr in seiner Weisheit schuf!» Darin findet sich auch ein durch Punkte über den Buchstaben gebildetes Chronogramm mit dem Zahlenwert (5)576, was dem Jahr 1816 der christlichen Zeitrechnung entspricht.
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